Why does google not instead silently track the link using JavaScript when JavaScript is available? Is it in case of link sharing? If so, is that not an overly heavy cost for an uncommon use-case?
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It uses the ping attribute to track the clicks. Sponsored ad links look a little different.I'm using Chrome. I don't think the ping attribute is supported in all browsers so in other browsers Google most likely does the redirect to accomplish the same thing -- track clicks on search result links and capture whatever it can get from the browser.
You can't just "silently track the link using JavaScript." One way or another Google is going to track clicks on search results, whether through a redirect, a ping, or JS code sending an AJAX request. However you look at it your browser is going to make at least one additional HTTP request along with following the link.