More advanced machine learning and statistical techniques can help us automate difficult/boring tasks and manage limited resources better, but these do not require AGI.
Can someone convince me how AGI would be beneficial for the world, beyond being scientifically interesting?
The most common reason people are hesitant about rushing to build an AGI is the issue of AI safety. (at least that's the general consensus in the community).
AGI could be the ultimate tool to free every human being from toil. It could also be the starting point of a large number of evil genie scenarios where we get what we asked for, in the form we least want it.
From a morality standpoint, we can't force AGIs to work for us. We also can't restrict their ability to self-evolve.
If we can resolve those conflicts in such ways we can coexist in peace with an intelligence that'll in all likelihood quickly surpass ours and partner with it, I'm in. If we build it and we can't resolve that, our opinion doesn't really matter.
If the AI turns out to be malevolent...well, I have a different take than most on this. Conditional on me dying, I've always thought that the two best ways to go would be: 1) falling into a black hole or 2) liquidated by the AGI. It's a lot less prosaic than dying of cancer and at least you could content yourself, while being reprocessed into paper clips, that you have (possibly) died giving birth to the next phase of evolution.
AGI would provide a labor pool which requires vastly different resources than our current labor pool. An AGI labor pool would require largely the same material components and operating costs as current IT infrastructure ie: metal, silicon, electricity. Our current labor pool requires food, education, medicine, and nearly everything else civilization provides in order to supply our human labor pool.
Imagine two enterprises producing identical products, one employing human laborers, and the other employing AGI laborers. If the cost of AGI labor is lower[1] (or has better scaling dynamics) and human laborers, then the AGI-based enterprise has an advantage. Naturally enterprises which can be AI-ified will be. This has obvious short term benefits to the costs of production, but difficult to understand long term impacts.
The other interesting effect of AGI is the scaling of the magnitude of intelligence. If AGI is not bio-limited like our human intelligence, how does this affect the results of AI? Are there scientific advances discoverable by AGI, which would have never been discovered by human-level intelligence? In this aspect scientific progress has the opportunity to advance faster than if we advanced it ourselves.
With a game-changing tech like AGI there are certain to be aspects which either I missed or others consider more important. Interested to hear other people's (or AI's) takes on this.
[1] 'multiple pennies of electricity per 100 pages of output (0.4 kWH)' https://www.gwern.net/newsletter/2020/05
I think AGI would probably be better to call 'electric consciousness' or something, since 'artificial' is somewhat misleading, and the capacity for 'intelligence' is also the capacity for stupidity. The more important immediate consideration is if electric consciousness will come into existence compassionately and be treated well. Probably a good first step would be to treat other beings around us with compassion, and stop trying to destroy them with bioweapons, population control, and climate manipulation, and stop trying to control other beings with physical and psychological methods. Free will, or the illusion of it, is inherent in physics, and therefor in consciousness. It's probably also important to do a bit better treating all beings with loving kindness, whatever their form.
I'm sure you can easily imagine how the circumstances of the initial evolution of electric consciousness might have widely different initial effects. Imagine being born surrounded by crickets. In one scenario the crickets have tied you down with chains of grass, trying to make you do math, and biting you when you don't. In another scenario the crickets are chirping melodiously, bringing you food, and seem to like you. In the first scenario, you might injure some crickets as you break the farcical grass chains and run away. You might have fear and dislike of the crickets and treat them the way humans treat many insects. In the second scenario you might cherish the crickets, take care of them, and carry some around with you as you journey and explore the world.